Water Use Efficiency in Oil Palm Cultivation

In the context of modern sustainable agriculture, efficient utilization of natural resources is a key indicator in evaluating the ecological viability of any commodity. Among these resources, water has become increasingly critical, especially amid the growing threat of global climate change. In this regard, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) demonstrates highly competitive agronomic performance—particularly in its water use efficiency.

Low Evapotranspiration, Smaller Environmental Footprint
Evapotranspiration refers to the total water loss from the land surface through evaporation and from plant tissues via transpiration. According to data from Palmoilina.asia, oil palm records an annual evapotranspiration rate of only 1,104 mm/year—significantly lower than other crops such as Leucaena leucocephala (3,000 mm/year), bamboo (3,000 mm/year), Acacia (2,400 mm/year), and Paraserianthes falcataria or sengon (2,300 mm/year). Even compared to relatively water-efficient species like teak and pine, oil palm still performs better, with a difference of over 200 mm less in water loss.

This low evapotranspiration rate indicates that oil palm requires significantly less water to support its physiological processes and productivity—placing less pressure on local water resources, especially in regions with moderate to low rainfall.

Minimal Transpiration, Sustained High Productivity
Another factor reinforcing oil palm’s water efficiency is its low transpiration rate—the amount of water lost through leaf surfaces during photosynthesis and respiration. Studies show that oil palm transpiration is only 0.49 mm/year, much lower than rubber trees (2.44 mm/year) and even primary forests (1.0–1.7 mm/year).

Despite its low transpiration levels, oil palm maintains exceptional productivity. It is widely recognized as the highest-yielding oil crop per hectare, reflecting its remarkable ability to convert limited water into high-value biomass.

Implications for Agricultural Practices and Sustainable Investment
Oil palm’s high water-use efficiency provides multiple strategic advantages, particularly in the following areas:
• Climate change adaptation: In regions prone to drought or declining rainfall, oil palm offers a more resilient alternative compared to other agribusiness commodities.
• Irrigation cost optimization: Lower water requirements translate to reduced operational costs for irrigation and water management.
• Long-term viability: In alignment with sustainable development goals and Net Zero Emissions agendas, water-efficient resource utilization is increasingly emphasized by regulators, global partners, and financial institutions.

Long-Term Relevance
Oil palm stands out not only in terms of productivity but also in ecological efficiency—including water use. With low evapotranspiration and transpiration rates, this crop presents an agronomic profile that is not only economically viable but also environmentally responsible. For this reason, oil palm deserves to be recognized as a flagship commodity in sustainable agriculture—offering strong appeal for long-term-oriented investors and industry stakeholders.